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Background  The long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) are major malaria vector control strategies in Mali. The success of control strategies depends on a better understanding of the status of malaria vectors with respect to the insecticides used. In this study we evaluate the level of resistance of  Anopheles gambiae  ( sensu lato ) to bendiocarb and the molecular mechanism that underlies it.    Methods  Larvae of  An. gambiae  ( s.l. ) were collected from breeding habitats encountered in the three study sites and bioassayed with bendiocarb. The  ace-1  target site substitution G119S was genotyped using a TaqMan assay.    Results  The three species of the  An. gambiae  complex in Mali, i.e.  An. arabiensis ,  An .  coluzzii  and  An. gambiae  ( s.s. ) were found in sympatry in the three surveyed localities with different frequencies. We observed a resistance and suspicious resistance of the three species to bendiocarb with a mortality rate ranging from 37% to 86%. The allelic frequency of the G119S mutation was higher in  An. gambiae  ( s.s. ) compared to the other two species; 42.86%, 25.61% and 16.67% respectively in Dangassa, Koula, and Karadié. The allelic frequency of G119S in  An. coluzzii  ranged from 4.5% to 8.33% and from 1.43% to 21.15% for  An. arabiensis.  After exposure to bendiocarb, the G119S mutation was found only in survivors. The survival of  Anopheles gambiae  ( s.l ) populations from the three surveyed localities was associated with the presence of the mutation.    Conclusions  The study highlights the implication of G119S mutation in bendiocarb resistance in  An. gambiae  ( s.s. ),  An. arabiensis  and  An. coluzzii  populations from the three surveyed localities.

Acetylcholinesterase (ace-1R) target site mutation G119S and resistance to carbamates in Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato) populations from Mali