English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Malaria remains to be one of the deadliest infectious diseases and imposes substantial financial and social costs in the world. Mosquitoes rely on the immune system to control parasite infection. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), a family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRR), are responsible for initiating and regulating immune signaling pathways. PGRP-LA is involved in the regulation of immune defense against the  Plasmodium  parasite, however, the underlying mechanism needs to be further elucidated.    Methods  The spatial and temporal expression patterns of  pgrp-la  in  Anopheles stephensi  were analyzed by qPCR. The function of PGRP-LA was examined using a dsRNA-based RNA interference strategy. Western blot and periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining were used to assess the structural integrity of peritrophic matrix (PM).    Results  The expression of  pgrp-la  in  An. stephensi  was induced in the midgut in response to the rapid proliferating gut microbiota post-blood meal. Knocking down of  pgrp-la  led to the downregulation of immune effectors that control gut microbiota growth. The decreased expression of these immune genes also facilitated  P. berghei  infection. However, such dsLA treatment did not influence the structural integrity of PM. When gut microbiota was removed by antibiotic treatment, the regulation of PGRP-LA on immune effectors was abolished and the knock down of  pgrp-la  failed to increase susceptibility of mosquitoes to parasite infection.    Conclusions  PGRP-LA regulates the immune responses by sensing the dynamics of gut microbiota. A mutual interaction between gut microbiota and PGRP-LA contributes to the immune defense against  Plasmodium  parasites in  An. stephensi .

Gut microbiota is essential in PGRP-LA regulated immune protection against Plasmodium berghei infection