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Background  Canids are definitive hosts of  Echinococcus multilocularis  and  Echinococcus granulosus.  This study aimed to survey these two  Echinococcus  species in canids of North-Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, using morphological criteria and genetic characterization of mitochondrial DNA.    Methods  The carcasses of 106 canids, namely 61 jackals ( Canis aureus ), 23 foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), 19 dogs ( Canis familiaris ) and three wolves ( Canis lupus ) were collected from the study area in 2013–2014 and examined for  Echinococcus  species. Morphological features were assessed by microscopy of adult worms. For molecular characterization, DNA was extracted, mostly from the adult worms but also from eggs. DNA fragments of the cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( nad 1) mitochondrial genes were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were aligned and compared with reference sequences. Intraspecific and interspecific diversity were calculated and phylogenetic analysis was performed.    Results  Overall, 9.4% of the canids (eight jackals and two foxes) were found infected with  E. multilocularis  by molecular methods, of which seven cases were also confirmed using morphological description of the adult worms.  Echinococcus granulosus  was found in 6.6% of the canines (four dogs, two jackals and one wolf) as determined by both molecular methods and adult cestode morphology. All  E. granulosus  isolates were identified as the G1 genotype. Comparative sequence analysis indicated 0–0.7% and 0% intraspecific divergence within  E. granulosus  isolates and 0% and 0–0.2% within  E. multilocularis  isolates for  cox 1 and  nad 1, respectively.    Conclusions  This study revealed the presence of  E. multilocularis  and  E. granulosus  in canids of North-Khorasan Province of Iran. Jackals were found infected with both  E. multilocularis  and  E. granulosus , but infection with the former species was higher.

parasites and vectors

Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus in canines in North-Khorasan Province, northeastern Iran, identified using morphology and genetic characterization of mitochondrial DNA