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Background  Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by  Leishmania infantum  can have several dermatological manifestations. The type of immune response elicited against the parasite appears to be at the basis for such clinical variability. Much of the work in CanL has focused on adaptive immune response and there are scarce data on the importance of the innate immune responses. Moreover, few studies have evaluated the immunological response in the cutaneous lesions in dogs naturally infected with  L. infantum  and with different degrees of disease severity, and no study has compared clinically-lesioned with normal-looking skin.    Methods  We determined and compared the transcription of toll like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 7, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL) 10 and programmed cell death protein ligand (PD-L) 1 by real-time PCR in paired clinically-lesioned and normal-looking skin from 25 diseased dogs (mild disease-stage I ( n  = 11) and moderate to severe disease-stages II and III ( n  = 14) as well as in normal-looking skin from healthy dogs ( n  = 10) from a non-endemic area. We also assessed the association between the transcripts in clinically-lesioned and normal-looking skin of dogs with leishmaniosis with clinicopathological, immunological and parasitological findings.    Results  Clinically-lesioned skin from mildly affected dogs was characterized by a significant upregulation of TLR2 ( P  < 0.0001) and IL-10 ( P  = 0.021) and downregulation of TLR7 ( P  = 0.004) when compared with more severely affected dogs. Normal-looking skin of mildly affected dogs was characterized by a significant lower expression of TLR7 ( P  = 0.003), IFN-γ ( P  < 0.0001) and PD-L1 ( P  = 0.001) when compared with more severely affected dogs. TLR2, TLR4, IL-10 and IFN-γ upregulation in clinically-lesioned skin was correlated with lower disease severity while TLR7 upregulation was correlated with markers of disease severity. Upregulation of TLR7, IL-10, IFN-γ and PD-L1 in normal-looking skin was correlated with disease severity.    Conclusions  This study demonstrated different expression profiles of immune genes in clinically-lesioned and normal-looking skin among mildly and more severely affected dogs. These immunological conditions might favor the maintenance and replication of the parasite in the skin of more severely affected dogs.

parasites and vectors

Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 7, interferon-gamma and interleukin 10, and programmed death ligand 1 transcripts in skin from dogs of different clinical stages of leishmaniosis