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Background  Reunion Island regularly faces outbreaks of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue (BT), two viral diseases transmitted by haematophagous midges of the genus  Culicoides  (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to ruminants. To date, five species of  Culicoides  are recorded in Reunion Island in which the first two are proven vector species:  Culicoides bolitinos ,  C. imicola ,  C. enderleini ,  C. grahamii  and  C. kibatiensis . Meteorological and environmental factors can severely constrain  Culicoides  populations and activities and thereby affect dispersion and intensity of transmission of  Culicoides -borne viruses. The aim of this study was to describe and predict the temporal dynamics of all  Culicoides  species present in Reunion Island.    Methods  Between 2016 and 2018, 55 biweekly  Culicoides  catches using Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute traps were set up in 11 sites. A hurdle model (i.e. a presence/absence model combined with an abundance model) was developed for each species in order to determine meteorological and environmental drivers of presence and abundance of  Culicoides .    Results  Abundance displayed very strong heterogeneity between sites. Average  Culicoides  catch per site per night ranged from 4 to 45,875 individuals.  Culicoides imicola  was dominant at low altitude and  C. kibatiensis  at high altitude. A marked seasonality was observed for the three other species with annual variations. Twelve groups of variables were tested. It was found that presence and/or abundance of all five  Culicoides  species were driven by common parameters: rain, temperature, vegetation index, forested environment and host density. Other parameters such as wind speed and farm building opening size governed abundance level of some species. In addition,  Culicoides  populations were also affected by meteorological parameters and/or vegetation index with different lags of time, suggesting an impact on immature stages. Taking into account all the parameters for the final hurdle model, the error rate by Normalized Root mean Square Error ranged from 4.4 to 8.5%.    Conclusions  To our knowledge, this is the first study to model  Culicoides  population dynamics in Reunion Island. In the absence of vaccination and vector control strategies, determining periods of high abundance of  Culicoides  is a crucial first step towards identifying periods at high risk of transmission for the two economically important viruses they transmit.

parasites and vectors

Modelling temporal dynamics of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), vectors of viruses of veterinary importance