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Background  Human schistosomiasis is the second most important tropical disease and occurs in two forms in Africa (intestinal and urogenital) caused by the digenetic trematodes  Schistosoma mansoni  and  Schistosoma haematobium , respectively. A proposed recent shift of schistosomiasis above a previously established altitudinal threshold of 1400 m above sea level in western Ugandan crater lakes has triggered more research interest there.    Methods  Based on extensive field sampling in western Uganda and beyond and employing an approach using sequences of the mitochondrial barcoding gene cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) this study aims were: (i) identification and establishment of the phylogenetic affinities of  Bulinus  species as potential hosts for  Schistosoma  spp.; (ii) determining diversity, frequency and distribution patterns of  Bulinus  spp.; and (iii) establishing genetic variability and phylogeographical patterns using Bayesian inference and parsimony network analyses.    Results  Out of the 58 crater lakes surveyed, three species of  Bulinus  snails were found in 34 crater lakes.  Bulinus tropicus  was dominating,  Bulinus forskalii  was found in two lakes and  Bulinus truncatus  in one. The latter two species are unconfirmed potential hosts for  S. haematobium  in this region. However,  Bulinus tropicus  is an important species for schistosomiasis transmission in ruminants.  Bulinus tropicus  comprised 31 haplotypes while both  B. forskalii  and  B. truncatus  exhibited only a single haplotype in the crater lakes. All species clustered with most of the haplotypes from surrounding lake systems forming source regions for the colonization of the crater lakes.    Conclusions  This first detailed malacological study of the crater lakes systems in western Uganda revealed presence of  Bulinus  species that are either not known or not regionally known to be hosts for  S. haematobium , the causing agent of human urogenital schistosomiasis. Though this disease risk is almost negligible, the observed dominance of  B. tropicus  in the crater lakes shows that there is a likelihood of a high risk of infections with  Schistosoma bovis . Thus, extra attention should be accorded to safeguard wild and domestic ruminants in this region as the population benefits from these animals.

parasites and vectors

Molecular identification of Bulinus spp. intermediate host snails of Schistosoma spp. in crater lakes of western Uganda with implications for the transmission of the Schistosoma haematobium group parasites