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Background  Larvae of  Echinococcus granulosus  ( sensu lato ) dwell in host organs for a long time but elicit only a mild inflammatory response, which indicates that the resolution of host inflammation is necessary for parasite survival. The recruitment of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) has been observed in a variety of helminth infections, and emerging evidence indicates that AAMs are critical for the resolution of inflammation. However, whether AAMs can be induced by  E. granulosus  ( s.l. ) infection or thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx), one of the important molecules secreted by the parasite, remains unclear.    Methods  The activation status of peritoneal macrophages (PMs) derived from mice infected with  E. granulosus  ( sensu stricto ) was analyzed by evaluating the expression of phenotypic markers. PMs were then treated  in vivo  and  in vitro  with recombinant EgTPx (rEgTPx) and its variant (rvEgTPx) in combination with parasite excretory-secretory (ES) products, and the resulting activation of the PMs was evaluated by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. The phosphorylation levels of various molecules in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway after parasite infection and antigen stimulation were also detected.    Results  The expression of AAM-related genes in PMs was preferentially induced after  E. granulosus  ( s.s. ) infection, and phenotypic differences in cell morphology were detected between PMs isolated from  E. granulosus  ( s.s. ) - infected mice and control mice. The administration of parasite ES products or rEgTPx induced the recruitment of AAMs to the peritoneum and a notable skewing of the ratio of PM subsets, and these effects are consistent with those obtained after  E. granulosus  ( s.s. ) infection. ES products or rEgTPx also induced PMs toward an AAM phenotype  in vitro . Interestingly, this immunomodulatory property of rEgTPx was dependent on its antioxidant activity. In addition, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was activated after parasite infection and antigen stimulation, and the activation of this pathway was suppressed by pre-treatment with an AKT/mTOR inhibitor.    Conclusions  This study demonstrates that  E. granulosus  ( s.s. ) infection and ES products, including EgTPx, can induce PM recruitment and alternative activation, at least in part,  via  the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. These results suggest that EgTPx-induced AAMs might play a key role in the resolution of inflammation and thereby favour the establishment of hydatid cysts in the host.

parasites and vectors

Thioredoxin peroxidase secreted by Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) promotes the alternative activation of macrophages via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway