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Background  The sterile insect technique (SIT) for use against mosquitoes consists of several steps including the production of the target species in large numbers, the separation of males and females, the sterilization of the males, and the packing, transport and release of the sterile males at the target site. The sterility of the males is the basis of the technique; for this, efficient and standardized irradiation methods are needed to ensure that the required level of sterility is reliably and reproducibly achieved. While several reports have found that certain biological factors, handling methods and varying irradiation procedures can alter the level of induced sterility in insects, few studies exist in which the methodologies are adequately described and discussed for the reproductive sterilization of mosquitoes. Numerous irradiation studies on mosquito pupae have resulted in varying levels of sterility. Therefore, we initiated a series of small-scale experiments to first investigate variable parameters that may influence dose-response in mosquito pupae, and secondly, identify those factors that potentially have a significantly large effect and need further attention.    Methods  In this study, we compiled the results of a series of experiments investigating variable parameters such as pupal age ( Aedes aegypti ), pupal size ( Ae. aegypti ), geographical origin of mosquito strains ( Ae. aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus ), exposure methods (in wet  versus  dry conditions,  Ae. albopictus ) and subsequently in low  versus  high oxygen environments [submerged in water (low O 2  (< 5 %)] and in air [high O 2  (~ 21 %)] on the radiosensitivity of male pupae ( Ae. aegypti ,  Ae. albopictus  and  Anopheles arabiensis ).    Results  Results indicate that radiosensitvity of  Ae. aegypti  decreases with increasing pupal age (99% induced sterility in youngest pupae, compared to 93% in oldest pupae), but does not change with differences in pupal size ( P  = 0.94). Differing geographical origin of the same mosquito species did not result in variations in radiosensitivity in  Ae. aegypti  pupae [Brazil, Indonesia, France (La Reunion), Thailand] or  Ae. albopictus  [Italy, France (La Reunion)]. Differences in induced sterility were seen following irradiation of pupae that were in wet  versus  dry conditions, which led to further tests showing significant radioprotective effects of oxygen depletion during irradiation procedures in three tested mosquito species, as seen in other insects.    Conclusions  These findings infer the necessity to further evaluate significant factors and reassess dose-response for mosquitoes with controlled variables to be able to formulate protocols to achieve reliable and reproducible levels of sterility for application in the frame of the SIT.

Identification of critical factors that significantly affect the dose-response in mosquitoes irradiated as pupae