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Background  Animal trypanosomosis is endemic in Nigeria, while the human disease caused by  Trypanosoma brucei gambiense  is rarely reported nowadays after efforts to bring it under control in the 20th century. The University of Nigeria Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UNVTH) is a reference centre located within the Nsukka area and serves Enugu and neighboring states, Benue, Kogi, Anambra and Delta. Among dogs presented to the UNVTH with canine trypanosomosis,  T. brucei  is frequently reported as the causative agent. However, this is by morphological identification under the microscope, which does not allow distinction of human-infective ( T .  b .  gambiense ) and non-human-infective ( T. b. brucei ) subspecies. Here, we used subspecies-specific PCR tests to distinguish  T .  b .  gambiense  and  T. b. brucei .    Methods  Blood samples were collected on FTA cards from 19 dogs presenting with clinical signs of trypanosomosis at the UNVTH from January 2017 to December 2018. All dogs had a patent parasitaemia. DNA was extracted from the FTA cards using Chelex 100 resin and used as template for PCR.    Results  All infections were initially identified as belonging to subgenus  Trypanozoon  using a generic PCR test based on the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of the ribosomal RNA locus and a PCR test specific for the 177 bp satellite DNA of subgenus  Trypanozoon . None of the samples were positive using a specific PCR test for  T. evansi  Type A kinetoplast DNA minicircles. Further PCR tests specific for  T .  b .  gambiense  based on the  TgsGP  and  AnTat 11.17  genes revealed that two of the dogs harboured  T .  b .  gambiense . In addition to trypanosomes of subgenus  Trypanozoon ,  T. congolense  savannah was identified in one dog using a species-specific PCR test for this taxon.    Conclusions  Nineteen dogs presenting with canine African trypanosomosis at UNVTH were infected with trypanosomes of the  T. brucei  group and in two cases the trypanosomes were further identified to subspecies  T. b. gambiense  using specific PCR tests. Thus  T. b. gambiense  is one of the parasites responsible for canine African trypanosomosis in the Nsukka area of Nigeria and represents a serious danger to human health.

Identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected dogs in Nigeria