English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background   Haemoproteus  ( Parahaemoproteus ) species (Haemoproteidae) are widespread blood parasites that can cause disease in birds, but information about their vector species, sporogonic development and transmission remain fragmentary. This study aimed to investigate the complete sporogonic development of four  Haemoproteus  species in  Culicoides nubeculosus  and to test if phylogenies based on the cytochrome  b  gene ( cytb ) reflect patterns of ookinete development in haemosporidian parasites. Additionally, one  cytb  lineage of  Haemoproteus  was identified to the species level and the  in vitro  gametogenesis and ookinete development of  Haemoproteus hirundinis  was characterised.    Methods  Laboratory - reared  C. nubeculosus  were exposed by allowing them to take blood meals on naturally infected birds harbouring single infections of  Haemoproteus belopolskyi  ( cytb  lineage hHIICT1),  Haemoproteus hirundinis  (hDELURB2),  Haemoproteus nucleocondensus  (hGRW01) and  Haemoproteus lanii  (hRB1). Infected insects were dissected at intervals in order to detect sporogonic stages.  In vitro  exflagellation, gametogenesis and ookinete development of  H. hirundinis  were also investigated. Microscopic examination and PCR-based methods were used to confirm species identity. Bayesian phylogenetic inference was applied to study the relationships among  Haemoproteus  lineages.    Results  All studied parasites completed sporogony in  C. nubeculosus . Ookinetes and sporozoites were found and described. Development of  H. hirundinis  ookinetes was similar both  in vivo  and  in vitro . Developing ookinetes of this parasite possess long outgrowths, which extend longitudinally and produce the apical end of the ookinetes. A large group of closely related  Haemoproteus  species with a similar mode of ookinete development was determined. Bayesian analysis indicates that this character has phylogenetic value. The species identity of  cytb  lineage hDELURB2 was determined: it belongs to  H. hirundinis .    Conclusions   Culicoides nubeculosus  is susceptible to and is a likely natural vector of numerous species of  Haemoproteus  parasites, thus worth attention in haemoproteosis epidemiology research. Data about  in vitro  development of haemoproteids provide valuable information about the rate of ookinete maturation and are recommended to use as helpful step during vector studies of haemosporidian parasites, particularly because they guide proper dissection interval of infected insects for ookinete detection during  in vivo  experiments. Additionally,  in vitro  studies readily identified patterns of morphological ookinete transformations, the characters of which are of phylogenetic value in haemosporidian parasites.

parasites and vectors

Sporogony of four Haemoproteus species (Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae), with report of in vitro ookinetes of Haemoproteus hirundinis: phylogenetic inference indicates patterns of haemosporidian parasite ookinete development