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Background  We investigated the effect of five common habitat types on the diversity and abundance of  Anopheles  spp. and on the biting rate and time of  Anopheles balabacensis  (currently the only known vector for  Plasmodium knowlesi  in Sabah) at Paradason village, Kudat, Sabah. The habitats were forest edge, playground area, longhouse, oil palm plantation and shrub-bushes area. Sampling of  Anopheles  was done monthly using the human landing catch method in all habitat types for 14 months (October 2013 to December 2014, excluding June 2014). The  Anopheles  species were morphologically identified and subjected to PCR assay for the detection of  Plasmodium  parasites. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) were applied to test the variation in abundance and biting rates of  An. balabacensis  in different habitat types.    Results  A total of 1599  Anopheles  specimens were collected in the village, of which about 90% were  An. balabacensis .  Anopheles balabacensis  was present throughout the year and was the dominant  Anopheles  species in all habitat types. The shrub bushes habitat had the highest  Anopheles  species diversity while forest edge had the greatest number of  Anopheles  individuals caught. GLMM analysis indicated that  An. balabacensis  abundance was not affected by the type of habitats, and it was more active during the early and late night compared to predawn and dawn. PCR assay showed that 1.61% of the tested  An. balabacensis  were positive for malaria parasites, most of which were caught in oil palm estates and infected with one to two  Plasmodium  species.    Conclusions  The identification of infected vectors in a range of habitats, including agricultural and farming areas, illustrates the potential for humans to be exposed to  P. knowlesi  outside forested areas. This finding contributes to a growing body of evidence implicating environmental changes due to deforestation, expansion of agricultural and farming areas, and development of human settlements near to forest fringes in the emergence of  P. knowlesi  in Sabah.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3627-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Effect of different habitat types on abundance and biting times of Anopheles balabacensis Baisas (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kudat district of Sabah, Malaysia