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Background  Live anticoccidial vaccines have been a tremendous success for disease prevention. The establishment of the reverse genetic manipulation platform has enabled the development of  Eimeria  parasites, the live anticoccidial vaccine strains, as vaccine vectors. In our previous study, recombinant  E. tenella  expressing a single immunodominant antigen of  E. maxima  (Et-EmIMP1) was able to protect chickens against challenge infection with  E. maxima . This promising result encouraged us to further explore strategies to improve the protection efficacy of recombinant  Eimeria  and develop it as a vaccine vector.    Results  We constructed a novel recombinant  Eimeria  line expressing apical membrane antigen 1 of  E. maxima  (Et-EmAMA1) and then immunized chickens with Et-EmAMA1 and/or Et-EmIMP1. We found that the  E. maxima  soluble antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity was much stronger in the birds that were co-immunized with Et-EmAMA1 and Et-EmIMP1 than in those that were immunized with Et-EmAMA1 or Et-EmIMP1 alone. The oocyst production after  E. maxima  infection was significantly reduced in the recombinant  Eimeria -immunized birds compared with the wild-type-immunized and naïve birds. The oocyst production in the birds co-immunized with Et-EmAMA1 and Et-EmIMP1 was consistently the lowest among the treatment groups after  E. maxima  infection.    Conclusions  These results demonstrated that  Eimeria  is an effective vaccine vector that can carry and deliver heterologous  Eimeria  antigens to the host immune system and trigger specific immune responses. Our results also suggested that increasing the number of recombinant  Eimeria  lines is an effective approach to enhance protective immunity against infections with heterologous pathogens.

parasites and vectors

Co-immunization with two recombinant Eimeria tenella lines expressing immunoprotective antigens of E. maxima elicits enhanced protection against E. maxima infection