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Background   Aedes aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus  are important vectors of infectious diseases, especially those caused by arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika.  Aedes aegypti  is very well adapted to urban environments, whereas  Ae. albopictus  inhabits more rural settings. Pyrethroid resistance is widespread in these vectors, but limited data exist from the Southwest Pacific Region, especially from Melanesia. While  Aedes  vector ecology is well documented in Australia, where incursion of  Ae. albopictus  and pyrethroid resistance have so far been prevented, almost nothing is known about  Aedes  populations in neighbouring Papua New Guinea (PNG). With pyrethroid resistance documented in parts of Indonesia but not in Australia, it is important to determine the distribution of susceptible and resistant  Aedes  populations in this region.    Methods  The present study was aimed at assessing  Aedes  populations for insecticide resistance in Madang and Port Moresby, located on the north and south coasts of PNG, respectively. Mosquitoes were collected using ovitraps and reared in an insectary. Standard WHO bioassays using insecticide-treated filter papers were conducted on a total of 253  Ae. aegypti  and 768  Ae. albopictus  adult mosquitoes. Subsets of samples from both species (55  Ae. aegypti  and 48  Ae. albopictus ) were screened for knockdown resistance mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel ( Vssc ) gene, the target site of pyrethroid insecticides.    Results  High levels of resistance against pyrethroids were identified in  Ae .  aegypti  from Madang and Port Moresby.  Aedes albopictus  exhibited susceptibility to pyrethroids, but moderate levels of resistance to DDT. Mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were detected in all  Ae .  aegypti  samples screened. Some genotypes found in the present study had been observed previously in Indonesia. No  Vssc  mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance were found in the  Ae. albopictus  samples.    Conclusions  To our knowledge, this is the first report of pyrethroid resistance in  Ae .  aegypti  mosquitoes in PNG. Interestingly, usage of insecticides in PNG is low, apart from long-lasting insecticidal nets distributed for malaria control. Further investigations on how these resistant  Ae .  aegypti  mosquito populations arose in PNG and how they are being sustained are warranted.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3585-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea