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Background   Culicoides  (Diptera; Ceratoponidae) are tiny, stout, blood-sucking flies with a near worldwide distribution. When present, they are often considered a biting nuisance but in addition, they are involved in the transmission of pathogens to humans, domestic and wild animals. Data on  Culicoides  species in the South-West region of Cameroon dates back to the 1950s. Over the decades, ecological transformation due to agriculture and deforestation may have affected the population dynamics of  Culicoides  and therefore our study provides an update of their bio-ecology in the region. Furthermore, the role of various  Culicoides  species in the transmission of parasitic filariae of the genus  Mansonella  remains inconclusive in this region. This study was designed to address these unknown issues and expand on current scientific knowledge.    Results  Eight species of  Culicoides  ( C. bedfordi ,  C. inornatipennis ,  C. fulvithorax ,  C. grahamii ,  C. imicola ,  C. milnei ,  C. neavei  and  C. kumbaensis ) were collected using light traps and human baits.  Culicoides grahamii  was the most abundant species, followed closely by  C. milnei . Three species ( C. milnei ,  C. grahamii  and  C. inornatipennis ) were common in all observed larval development sites. Only four species ( C. inornatipennis ,  C. fulvithorax ,  C. grahamii  and  C. milnei ) were collected on humans. Anthropophilic species were more abundant ( P  < 0.001) in the evening (4–7 pm) when compared to the morning collections (6–9 am). After overnight fly collections using a drop trap with a human microfilaremic donor,  C. milnei  emerged as the potential host for transmitting  Mansonella perstans . Substantial heterogeneity was observed between the trap visiting cycles of the various species ( P  < 0.001). The biting cycle of the main vector,  C. milnei , showed two peaks (10–11 pm and 4–5 am), the highest being 10–11 pm.    Conclusions  The  Culicoides  fauna of the South-West region of Cameroon has not changed significantly since the 1950s.  Culicoides milnei  was demonstrated to be the major vector of  M. perstans  in this part of Cameroon. It is essentially a nocturnal species which peaks in abundance between 10 and 11 pm.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3432-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Update on the biology and ecology of Culicoides species in the South-West region of Cameroon with implications on the transmission of Mansonella perstans