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Background  Canine babesiosis is a severe disease caused by several  Babesia  spp. A number of names have been proposed for the canine-infecting piroplasmid pathogen initially named  Theileria annae  Zahler, Rinder, Schein & Gothe, 2000. It was shown to be a member of the  Babesia  ( sensu lato ) group infecting carnivores and is also closely related to the  Babesia microti  group. Subsequently, the same parasite species was reclassified as a member of the genus  Babesia  and the name  Babesia vulpes  Baneth, Florin-Christensen, Cardoso & Schnittger, 2015 was proposed for it. However, both names do not meet the requirements of the  International Code of Zoological Nomenclature  (no accompanying descriptions, no deposition of type-specimens) and cannot be recognized as available names from the nomenclatural point of view. The purpose of this study was to further characterize this parasite in order to confirm its validity, to provide its description and to introduce zoological nomenclature for it with the name  Babesia vulpes  n. sp.    Results  Morphological description of the parasite in canine erythrocytes demonstrated that it takes the shape of small (1.33 × 0.98 µm), round to oval forms reminiscent of the pyriform and ring shapes of other small canine  Babesia  spp., such as  Babesia gibsoni  Patton, 1910 and  Babesia conradae  Kjemtrup, Wainwright, Miller, Penzhorn & Carreno, 2006. However, these parasite forms were overall smaller than those measured for the latter two species and no tetrad (Maltese cross) form was reported. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) amino acid sequences substantiates the species identity of this parasite as previously demonstrated based on phylogenetic analysis of the  18S  rRNA and  β-tubulin  genes. The holotype of the parasite species was designated and deposited in an accessible public collection.    Conclusions  This study ratifies the name  Babesia vulpes  n. sp. proposed for the parasite previously referred to as  Theileria annae  Zahler, Rinder, Schein & Gothe, 2000,  Babesia annae  (Zahler, Rinder, Schein & Gothe, 2000) or  Babesia vulpes  Baneth, Florin-Christensen, Cardoso & Schnittger, 2015, or mentioned as “ Babesia microti -like piroplasm”, “ Babesia  Spanish dog isolate” and  Babesia  cf.  microti .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3385-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Establishment of Babesia vulpes n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae), a piroplasmid species pathogenic for domestic dogs