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Background  Developing new antibabesial drugs with a low toxic effect to the animal and with no resistance from  Babesia  parasites is in urgent demand. In this concern, the antimalarial, anticancer and antioxidant effect of thymoquinone (TQ), a phytochemical compound found in the plant  Nigella sativa , has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, the antibabesial effect of this compound was evaluated on the growth of piroplasm parasites.    Results  Significant inhibition ( P  < 0.05) of the  in vitro  growth of piroplasm parasites were observed after treatment by TQ with IC 50  values of 35.41 ± 3.60, 7.35 ± 0.17, 0.28 ± 0.016, 74.05 ± 4.55 and 67.33 ± 0.94 μM for  Babesia bovis ,  Babesia bigemina ,  Babesia divergens ,  Theileria equi  and  Babesia caballi , respectively. The  in vitro  inhibitory effect of TQ was significantly enhanced ( P  < 0.05) when used in combination with either diminazene aceturate on bovine  Babesia  and equine  Babesia  and  Theileria  cultures. In  B. microti -infected mice, oral and intraperitoneal administrations of TQ showed significant ( P  < 0.05) inhibition of parasite growth at a dose of 70 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the control group.    Conclusions  The obtained results indicate that thymoquinone might be a promising medicinal compound for use in the treatment of animal piroplasmosis.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3296-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect of thymoquinone on piroplasm parasites