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Background  Loiasis, an often-neglected tropical disease, is a threat to the success of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis elimination programmes in rainforest areas of the central and western Africa. Its control and even its elimination might be possible through the use of a safe macrofilaricide, a prophylactic drug, or perhaps a vaccine. This present study evaluated the effect of flubendazole (FLBZ) on the development of  Loa loa  L3  in vitro  and  in vivo .    Methods  Infective stages of  L. loa  were isolated and co-cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium in the presence of monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2) feeder cells. FLBZ and its principal metabolites, reduced flubendazole (RFLBZ) and hydrolyzed flubendazole (HFLBZ), were screened  in vitro  at concentrations 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 10 μg/ml. The viability of the parasites was assessed microscopically daily for 15 days. For  in vivo  study, a total of 48 CcR3 KO mice were infected subcutaneously with 200  L. loa  L3 and treated with 10 mg/kg FLBZ once daily for 5 consecutive days. Twenty-four animals were used as control and received L3 and vehicle. They were dissected at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days post-treatment for worm recovery.    Results  The motility of L3 larvae  in vitro  was reduced from the second day of incubation with drugs at  in vivo  plasma concentration levels, with a strong correlation found between reduced motility and increased drug concentration (Spearman’s rho = -0.9,  P  < 0.0001). Except for HFLBZ (0.05 μg/ml and 0.01 μg/ml), all concentrations of FLBZ, HFLBZ and RFLBZ interrupted the moulting of  L. loa  infective larvae to L4.  In vivo , regardless of the experimental group, there was a decrease in parasite recovery with time. However, at each time point this reduction was more pronounced in the group of animals treated with FLBZ compared to equivalent control. Parasites were recovered from the flubendazole-treated groups only on day 5 post-inoculation at an average rate of 2.1%, a value significantly lower (Mann-Whitney U-test,  U  = 28,  P  = 0.0156) than the average of 31.1% recovered from the control group.    Conclusions  This study reveals the ability of flubendazole to inhibit the development of  L. loa  L3 both  in vitro  and  in vivo,  and in addition validates the importance of  in vitro  and animal models of  L. loa  as tools for the development of drugs against loiasis.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3282-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of flubendazole on developing stages of Loa loa in vitro and in vivo: a new approach for screening filaricidal agents