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Background  The geographical expansion of the tick  Ixodes ricinus  in northern Europe is a serious concern for animal and human health. The pathogen  Anaplasma phagocytophilum  is transmitted by ticks and causes emergences of tick-borne fever (anaplasmosis) in livestock. The transmission dynamics of the different ecotypes of  A. phagocytophilum  in the ecosystems is only partly determined. Red deer and roe deer contribute to circulation of different ecotypes of  A. phagocytophilum  in continental Europe, while the role of moose for circulation of different ecotypes is not fully established but an important issue in northern Europe.    Methods  We determined infection prevalence and ecotypes of  A. phagocytophilum  in moose ( n  = 111), red deer ( n  = 141), roe deer ( n  = 28) and questing ticks ( n  = 9241) in Norway.    Results  As previously described, red deer was exclusively linked to circulation of ecotype I, while roe deer was exclusively linked to circulation of ecotype II. Surprisingly, we found 58% ecotype I ( n  = 19) and 42% of ecotype II ( n  = 14) in moose. Both ecotypes were found in questing ticks in areas with multiple cervid species present, while only ecotype I was found in ticks in a region with only red deer present. Hence, the geographical distribution of ecotypes in ticks followed the distribution of cervid species present in a given region and their link to ecotype I and II.    Conclusions  Moose probably function as reservoirs for both ecotype I and II, indicating that the ecotypes of  A. phagocytophilum  are not entirely host-specific and have overlapping niches. The disease hazard depends also on both host abundance and the number of immature ticks fed by each host. Our study provides novel insights in the northern distribution and expansion of tick-borne fever.

parasites and vectors

Infection prevalence and ecotypes of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus and Ixodes ricinus ticks from Norway