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Background  Arthropod-borne diseases remain a major health-threat for humans and animals worldwide. To estimate the distribution of pathogenic agents and especially  Bartonella  spp., we conducted tick microbiome analysis and determination of the infection status of wild animals, pets and pet owners in the state of Hesse, Germany.    Results  In total, 189 engorged ticks collected from 163 animals were tested. Selected ticks were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) and confirmatory PCRs, blood specimens of 48 wild animals were analyzed by PCR to confirm pathogen presence and sera of 54 dogs, one cat and 11 dog owners were analyzed by serology.  Bartonella  spp. were detected in 9.5% of all ticks and in the blood of 17 roe deer. Further data reveal the presence of the human and animal pathogenic species of genera in the family  Spirochaetaceae  (including  Borrelia miyamotoi  and  Borrelia garinii ),  Bartonella  spp. (mainly  Bartonella schoenbuchensis ),  Rickettsia helvetica ,  Francisella tularensis  and  Anaplasma phagocytophilum  in ticks. Co-infections with species of several genera were detected in nine ticks. One dog and five dog owners were seropositive for anti- Bartonella henselae- antibodies and one dog had antibodies against  Rickettsia conorii.Conclusions  This study provides a snapshot of pathogens circulating in ticks in central Germany. A broad range of tick-borne pathogens are present in ticks, and especially in wild animals, with possible implications for animal and human health. However, a low incidence of  Bartonella  spp., especially  Bartonella henselae , was detected. The high number of various detected pathogens suggests that ticks might serve as an excellent sentinel to detect and monitor zoonotic human pathogens.

Combination of microbiome analysis and serodiagnostics to assess the risk of pathogen transmission by ticks to humans and animals in central Germany