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Background  Knowledge of triatomine food sources in different ecotopes enables the estimation of  T. cruzi  transmission risk in diverse environments, as well as its dynamics of dispersion and ecological niche. For  Triatoma brasiliensis  in the Caatinga, in the northeast of Brazil, seasonal differences influence feeding eclecticism and rates of  T. cruzi  infection. The objective of the present study was to monitor food sources and to characterize the populations of  T. cruzi  associated with  T. brasiliensis  in wild and domestic environments in the Caatinga of northeast Brazil.    Methods  A cross-sectional study based on a search for triatomines in wild and domestic environments, was undertaken at five different time periods from 2009 to 2015. Insects from 2015 were used for identification of food sources. Two universal primers, based on the conserved regions of the  12S  rRNA locus, were used to amplify fragments of 215 bp. The content of the intestinal tract of triatomines was identified by a comparison between the sequences obtained and those deposited in the GenBank database, using BLAST. In triatomines with parasitological diagnosis of infection by trypanosomatids, xenoculture was performed for the isolation and characterization of strains, using  cox 2, the amplification of the SL-IL mini-exon intergenic spacer and the polymorphism of the D7 divergent domain of the gene 24αrDNA- LSU .    Results  Food sources were identified in 76.3% (213/279)  T. brasiliensis  specimens sampled in 2015. The most frequent sources in a total of 20 vertebrate species were: rodents (58%, 123/213), ruminants (30%, 64/213) and cats (6%, 12/213). A total of 49% (44/89) of the samples of  T. cruzi  isolated in the period from 2009 to 2015 were characterized: TcII (43%, 19/44), TcI (41%, 18/44) and TcIII (16%, 7/44).    Conclusions  The feeding eclecticism of  T. brasiliensis  shows its importance in maintaining the transmission dynamics of  T. cruzi , with evidence of intense circulation between anthropic and wild environments. Attention should be placed on the association among  T. brasiliensis , rodents and ruminants, in addition to the presence of TcIII in the study region.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3235-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911: food sources and diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in wild and artificial environments of the semiarid region of Ceará, northeastern Brazil