English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  The leishmaniases are important neglected diseases caused by  Leishmania  spp. which are transmitted by sand flies,  Lutzomyia longipalpis  being the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. The methodologies for leishmaniasis control are not efficient, causing 1.5 million reported cases annually worldwide, therefore showing the need for development of novel strategies and interventions to control transmission of the disease. The bacterium  Wolbachia pipientis  is being used to control viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as dengue and Zika, and its introduction in disease vectors has been effective against parasites such as  Plasmodium.  Here we show the first successful establishment of  Wolbachia  into two different embryonic cell lines from  L. longipalpis , LL-5 and Lulo, and analysed its effects on the sand fly innate immune system, followed by  in vitro Leishmania infantum  interaction.    Results  Our results show that LL-5 cells respond to  w Mel and  w MelPop-CLA strains within the first 72 h post-infection, through the expression of antimicrobial peptides and inducible nitric oxide synthase resulting in a decrease of  Wolbachia  detection in the early stages of infection. In subsequent passages, the  w Mel strain was not able to infect any of the sand fly cell lines while the  w MelPop-CLA strain was able to stably infect Lulo cells and LL-5 at lower levels. In  Wolbachia  stably infected cells, the expression of immune-related genes involved with downregulation of the IMD, Toll and Jak-Stat innate immune pathways was significantly decreased, in comparison with the uninfected control, suggesting immune activation upon  Wolbachia  transinfection. Furthermore,  Wolbachia  transinfection did not promote a negative effect on parasite load in those cells.    Conclusions  Initial strong immune responses of LL5 cells might explain the inefficiency of stable infections in these cells while we found that Lulo cells are more permissive to infection with  Wolbachia  causing an effect on the cell immune system, but not against  in vitro L. infantum  interaction .  This establishes Lulo cells as a good system for the adaptation of  Wolbachia  in  L. longipalpis .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3227-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Wolbachia introduction into Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) cell lines and its effects on immune-related gene expression and interaction with Leishmania infantum