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Background  The tropical climate of the Philippines and the high population of dogs, particularly in cities, favors the life-cycle of the brown dog tick,  Rhipicephalus sanguineus  ( sensu lato ), a vector of several canine tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) including zoonotic  Rickettsia  spp. Suspected cases of infections are commonly encountered in veterinary clinics, but the specific TBPs are rarely identified. Furthermore, infection with  Rickettsia  is not being clinically examined in dogs. In this study, the occurrence of TBPs in blood and ticks collected from household and impounded dogs in highly populated areas of the Philippines, Metro Manila, and the nearby province of Laguna, was examined.    Results  A total of 248 blood samples and 157 tick samples were subjected to PCR. First, samples were screened using primers for  Anaplasma / Ehrlichia  spp. and  Babesia / Hepatozoon  spp. Those that turned positive were further subjected to species-specific PCR.  Rickettsia  spp. were also detected through a nested PCR. Of the 248 blood samples, 56 (22.6%) were positive for  Anaplasma / Ehrlichia  spp., while 19 (7.6%) were positive for  Babesia / Hepatozoon  spp. Species-specific PCR revealed that 61 (23.4%) had a single TBP, with  Ehrlichia canis  being detected in 39 (15.7%) dogs, while 14 (5.6%) dogs were positive for different combinations of two to four TBPs.  Rickettsia  infection was detected in 6 (2.4%) dogs. In tick samples, 8 (3.2%) were positive for  Ehrlichia / Anaplasma  spp., while only 1 (0.63%) was positive for  Babesia / Hepatozoon  spp. As in the blood samples,  E. canis  was the most detected, being found in 5 (2%) samples. No tick samples tested positive for  Rickettsia  spp.    Conclusion   Ehrlichia canis  is the most common TBP affecting dogs in the Philippines. Co-infection with TBPs is quite common, hence testing for multiple TBPs is necessary. Through nested PCR,  Rickettsia  infection was detected in dogs, and to the authors’ knowledge, this study provides the first molecular evidence of  Rickettsia  infection in dogs in the Philippines.

parasites and vectors

Molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in canine population and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks from southern Metro Manila and Laguna, Philippines