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Background  Scabies is caused by  Sarcoptes scabiei  burrowing into the stratum corneum of the host’s skin and is detrimental to the health of humans and animals. Vaccines are an attractive alternative to replace the acaricides currently used in their control.    Methods  In the present study, the  S. scabiei  chitinase-like protein 5 (SsCLP5) was characterized and recombinant SsCLP5 (rSsCLP5) was evaluated as a candidate vaccine protein for anti-mite protection in rabbits. The expression, characterization and immunolocalization of SsCLP5 were examined. Vaccination experiments were performed on three test groups ( n  = 12 per group) immunized with purified rSsCLP5. Control groups ( n  = 12 per group) were immunized with PBS, QuilA saponin or empty vector protein. After challenge, the inflammatory reaction and skin lesions were graded and rSsCLP5 indirect ELISA was used to detect antibody IgG levels in serum samples at the time of vaccination and post-challenge.    Results  The results showed that rSsCLP5 had high immunoreactivity and immunogenicity. In  S. scabiei , SsCLP5 had a wide distribution in the chewing mouthpart, legs and exoskeleton, especially the outer layer of the exoskeleton. Vaccination with rSsCLP5 resulted in 74.3% (26/35) of rabbits showing no detectable lesions after challenge with  S. scabiei .    Conclusions  Our data demonstrate that rSsCLP5 is a promising candidate for a recombinant protein-based vaccine against  S. scabiei . This study also provides a method for studying scabies vaccine using rabbit as an animal model and a basis for screening more effective candidate proteins.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3184-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A chitinase-like protein from Sarcoptes scabiei as a candidate anti-mite vaccine that contributes to immune protection in rabbits