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Background  A century of debates on the taxonomy of members of the Metastrongyloidea Molin, 1861 led to many reclassifications. Considering the inconstant genus assignation and lack of genetic data, the main aim of this study was to support the validity of the genus  Perostrongylus  Schlegel, 1934, previously considered a synonym of  Aelurostrongylus  Cameron, 1927, based on new molecular phylogenetic data and to understand its evolutionary relationships with other metastrongyloid nematodes.    Results  Specimens of lungworm collected from European badgers in Germany, Romania and Bosnia and Herzegovina were morphologically and molecularly (rDNA,  cox 1) characterized. From a phylogenetic standpoint,  Perostrongylus  is grouped with high support together with the genera  Filaroides  van Beneden, 1858 and  Parafilaroides  Dougherty, 1946 and includes probably two species:  Perostrongylus falciformis  (Schlegel, 1933), a parasite of  Meles meles  in Europe and  P. pridhami  (Anderson, 1962), a parasite of  Neovison vison  in North America.  Perostrongylus  and  Aelurostrongylus  are assigned to different clades.  Aelurostrongylus  becomes a monotypic genus, with the only species  Aelurostrongylus abstrusus  (Railliet, 1898). In addition, we provide morphological and morphometric data for the first-stage (L1), second-stage (L2), and third-stage (L3) larvae of  P. falciformis  and describe their development in experimentally infected  Cornu aspersum  snails. The pathological and histopathological lesions in lungs of infected European badgers are also described. This is the first record of  P. falciformis  in Romania.    Conclusions  Molecular phylogenetic and morphological data support the validity of the genus  Perostrongylus , most probably with two species,  P. falciformis  in European badgers and  P. pridhami  in minks in North America. The two genera clearly belong to two different clades:  Perostrongylus  is grouped together with the genera  Filaroides  and  Parafilaroides  (both in the family Filaroididae Schulz, 1951), whereas  Aelurostrongylus  belongs to a clade with no sister groups.

parasites and vectors

Validity of genus Perostrongylus Schlegel, 1934 with new data on Perostrongylus falciformis (Schlegel, 1933) in European badgers, Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758): distribution, life-cycle and pathology