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Background  In the marine environment, transitional zones between major water masses harbour high biodiversity, mostly due to their productivity and by containing representatives of species characteristic of adjacent communities. With the aim of assessing the value of larval  Anisakis  as zoogeographical indicators in a transitional zone between subtropical and sub-Antarctic marine currents, larvae obtained from  Zenopsis conchifer  were genetically identified. Larvae from  Pagrus pagrus  and  Merluccius hubbsi  from two adjacent zoogeographical provinces were also sequenced.    Results  Four species were genetically identified in the whole sample, including  Anisakis typica ,  A. pegreffii ,  A. berlandi  and a probably new species related to  A. paggiae .  Anisakis typica  and  A. pegreffii  were identified as indicators of tropical/subtropical and sub-Antarctic waters, respectively, and their presence evidenced the transitional conditions of the region. Multivariate analyses on prevalence and mean abundance of  Anisakis  spp. of 18 samples represented by 9 fish species caught south of 35°S determined that host trophic level and locality of capture were the main drivers of the distribution of parasites across zoogeographical units in the South-West Atlantic.    Conclusions  Most samples followed a clear zoogeographical pattern, but the sample of  Z. conchifer , composed mostly of  A. typica , was an exception. This finding suggests that population parameters of  A. typica  and  A. pegreffii  could differ enough to be considered as a surrogates of the identity of larvae parasitizing a given host population and, therefore, a step forward the validation of the use of larval  Anisakis  as biological indicators for studies on host zoogeography.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3119-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Influence of confluent marine currents in an ecotonal region of the South-West Atlantic on the distribution of larval anisakids (Nematoda: Anisakidae)