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Background  Leishmaniosis/leishmaniasis consists of a wide group of diseases, caused by different  Leishmania  species and having different hosts. Leishmaniosis caused by  Leishmania infantum , a disease primarily of dogs and humans, occurs after susceptible hosts are exposed to the feeding behavior of infected sand flies. A one-year laboratory study in dogs was designed to determine the 364-day anti-feeding efficacy of a slow release deltamethrin collar against the sand fly  P. perniciosus , a common host of  L. infantum  in the Mediterranean basin.    Methods  In this assessor-blinded study, 16 Beagle dogs were randomized into two groups using  P. perniciosus  engorgement rates from a Day -7 challenge. On Day 0, dogs in Group 1 received a placebo collar, while dogs in Group 2 received a deltamethrin collar (Scalibor® Protector Band). All dogs were caged, sedated and then exposed for 1 h to 85 (± 10) female and 15 (± 5) male  P. perniciosus  on Day 7 and every 28 days through Day 364. All flies, alive and dead, were aspirated from cages and from dogs, immediately counted and then frozen for assessment of blood engorgement. Anti-feeding efficacy was determined by comparing the arithmetic means of engorged female flies (alive, dead and moribund) in the deltamethrin group to the control group means. Insecticidal efficacy at the time flies were retrieved was assessed by comparisons between groups of mean live female fly counts.    Results  In the deltamethrin group, relative to the control group, there was a significant reduction in arithmetic mean numbers of engorged  P. perniciosus  of 94–98% from Day 7 through Day 364. On Day 28, in the treated group relative to the control group, there was a 74% reduction in mean live fly counts, with between-group differences significant from Days 7 through 196, although insecticidal activity remained less than 50% from Day 56.    Conclusion  Deltamethrin collar application to dogs reduced sand fly feeding by ≥ 94%, relative to unprotected control dogs, for 364 days. Thus, one collar applied to a dog can prevent or reduce the risk of sand fly transmission of  Leishmania  for one full year.

parasites and vectors

Laboratory assessment of the anti-feeding effect for up to 12 months of a slow release deltamethrin collar (Scalibor®) against the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus in dogs