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Background   Trypanosoma cruzi  invades and replicates inside mammalian cells, which can lead to chronic Chagas disease in humans.  Trypanosoma copemani  infects Australian marsupials and recent investigations indicate it may be able to invade mammalian cells  in vitro , similar to  T. cruzi . Here,  T. cruzi  10R26 strain (TcIIa) and two strains of  T. copemani  [genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2)] were incubated with marsupial cells  in vitro . Live-cell time-lapse and fluorescent microscopy, combined with high-resolution microscopy (transmission and scanning electron microscopy) were used to investigate surface interactions between parasites and mammalian cells.    Results  The number of parasites invading cells was significantly higher in  T. cruzi  compared to either genotype of  T. copemani , between which there was no significant difference. While capable of cellular invasion,  T. copemani  did not multiply in host cells  in vitro  as there was no increase in intracellular amastigotes over time and no release of new trypomastigotes from host cells, as observed in  T. cruzi . Exposure of host cells to G2 trypomastigotes resulted in increased host cell membrane permeability within 24 h of infection, and host cell death/blebbing was also observed. G2 parasites also became embedded in the host cell membrane.    Conclusions   Trypanosoma copemani  is unlikely to have an obligate intracellular life-cycle like  T. cruzi . However,  T. copemani  adversely affects cell health  in vitro  and should be investigated  in vivo  in infected host tissues to better understand this host-parasite relationship. Future research should focus on increasing understanding of the  T. copemani  life history and the genetic, physiological and ecological differences between different genotypes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3092-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The marsupial trypanosome Trypanosoma copemani is not an obligate intracellular parasite, although it adversely affects cell health