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Background  The myxosporean  Myxidium giardi  Cépède, 1906 was described infecting the kidney of the European eel,  Anguilla anguilla  (L.), having spindle-shaped myxospores and terminal sub-spherical polar capsules. Since then, numerous anguillid eels globally have been documented to have similar  Myxidium  infections. Many of these have been identified using the morphological features of myxospores or by the location of infection in the host, and some have been subsequently synonymised with  M. giardi . Therefore, it is not clear whether  M. giardi  is a widely distributed parasite, infecting numerous species of eels, in multiple organs, or whether some infections represent other, morphologically similar but different species of myxosporeans. The aim of the present study was to assess the status of  M. giardi  infections in Icelandic eels, and related fish hosts in Malaysia and to use spore morphology and molecular techniques to evaluate the diversity of myxosporeans present.    Results  The morphologies of the myxospores from Icelandic eels were very similar but the overall dimensions were significantly different from the various tissue locations. Myxospores from the kidney of the Malaysian tarpon,  Megalops cyprinoides  (Broussonet), were noticeably smaller. However, the  SSU  rDNA sequences from the different tissues locations in eels, were all very distinct, with percentage similarities ranging from 92.93% to as low as 89.8%, with the sequence from Malaysia being even more dissimilar. Molecular phylogenies consistently placed these sequences together in a clade that we refer to as the  Paramyxidium  clade that is strongly associated with the  Myxidium  clade ( sensu stricto ). We erect the genus  Paramyxidium  n. g. (Myxidiidae) to accommodate these histozoic taxa, and transfer  Myxidium giardi  as  Paramyxidium giardi  Cépède, 1906 n. comb. as the type-species.    Conclusions  There is not a single species of  Myxidium  ( M. giardi ) causing systemic infections in eels in Iceland. There are three species, confirmed with a robust phylogeny, one of which represents  Paramyxidium giardi  n. comb. Additional species probably exist that infect different tissues in the eel and the site of infection in the host fish is an important diagnostic feature for this group ( Paramyxidium  n. g. clade). Myxospore morphology is generally conserved in the  Paramyxidium  clade, although actual spore dimensions can vary between some species.  Paramyxidium  spp. are currently only known to infect fishes from the Elopomorpha.

parasites and vectors

Studies of Myxidium giardi Cépède, 1906 infections in Icelandic eels identifies a genetically diverse clade of myxosporeans that represents the Paramyxidium n. g. (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae)