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Background   Schistosoma haematobium  infection in endemic areas varies depending on the nature and complexity of the transmission networks present. Studies of micro-geographical transmission of  S. haematobium  infection indicate that discrepancy in prevalence between households is associated with diverse water contact behaviors and transmission that is restricted to particular sites harboring snail intermediate hosts. Detection of variations in the transmission sources with complex transmission networks of water bodies is required for optimization of malacological control. Longitudinal parasitological and malacological surveys were conducted to investigate geographical variations in transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in Ikingwamanoti village, Shinyanga District, Tanzania.    Methods  Urine samples were collected at baseline and follow-up time points from 282 school-aged children and examined microscopically for the presence of  S. haematobium  eggs. Malacological surveys involved collection of  Bulinus nasutus  every month from 30 sites. Snails were examined for patent infections. Global positioning system was used to map household distances from  S. haematobium  transmission sites, while water contact behavior was assessed using a questionnaire.    Results   Schistosoma haematobium  infection was observed to be prevalent among older children (12–14 years) compared to younger groups prior to treatment, but no significant difference in infection prevalence was observed at one-year. Boys were highly infected than girls at both time points. No spatial influence was observed between children’s infection and the distance from child’s residence to the nearby snail habitats nor was any significant association observed between children’s reported water contact behavior with  S. haematobium  infection. However, malacological surveys with cercarial shedding combined with GPS data detected significant variation among different water sources in the transmission of S . haematobium  with children living in households near to ponds with high  B. nasutus  populations having the highest prevalence of infection.    Conclusions  Interaction between malacological surveys with cercarial shedding combined with GPS mapping in endemic settings can help detection of transmission sources even in areas with complex transmission networks. Subsequent studies are needed to determine whether the combination of GPS mapping and parasitology screens can aid the detection of transmission hotspots across varied transmission settings to enhance schistosomiasis control programmes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3064-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Geographical and behavioral risks associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in an area of complex transmission