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Background  The epidemiological profiles of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, are strongly associated with landscape components. The reduction of malaria burden in endemic and epidemic regions mainly depends on knowledge of the malaria-transmitting mosquito species, populations and behavioural characteristics, as well as malaria exposure risks. This work aimed at carrying out a holistic study in order to characterise  Anopheles  species in relation to human malaria in seven wetlands along the lower section of the volcanic chain of Cameroon.    Results  Eight malaria vectors:  Anopheles arabiensis ,  An. coluzzii ,  An. funestus  ( s.s. ),  An. gambiae ,  An. hancocki ,  An. melas ,  An. nili  and  An. ziemanni , were found biting humans.  Anopheles gambiae  was widespread; however, it played a secondary role in the Ndop plain where  An. ziemmani  was the primary vector species (79.2%). Anophelines were more exophagic (73.6%) than endophagic (26.4%), showing a marked nocturnal activity (22:00–4:00 h) for  An. coluzzii  and  An. gambiae  while  An. funestus  ( s.s. ) was mostly caught between 1:00 and 6:00 h and  An. ziemanni  having an early evening biting behaviour (18:00-00:00 h). Female  Anopheles  were mostly observed to have relative high parity rates (≥ 70%), with the exception of the Meanja site where species parity varies from 46 to 55%. Overall, the transmission level was low with entomological inoculation rates estimated to 0.7 infected bites per person per month (ib/p/mth) in Tiko and Ndop, 1.4 ib/p/mth in Mamfe and 2.24 ib/p/mth in Santchou.    Conclusions  The present study represents detailed  Anopheles  vector characterisation from an understudied area along the volcanic chain of Cameroon with endemic malaria transmission. The significant differences in bionomics and  Anopheles  species distribution within the studied wetlands, highlights the importance of providing baseline data and an opportunity to assess the outcome of ongoing malaria control interventions in the country.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3041-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bionomics and vectorial role of anophelines in wetlands along the volcanic chain of Cameroon