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Background  The  Leishmania  spp. protozoa are introduced into humans through a sand fly blood meal, depositing the infectious metacyclic promastigote form of the parasite into human skin. Parasites enter a variety of host cells, although a majority are found in macrophages where they replicate intracellularly during chronic leishmaniasis. Symptomatic leishmaniasis causes considerable human morbidity in endemic regions. The  Leishmania  spp. evade host microbicidal mechanisms partially through virulence-associated proteins such as the major surface protease (MSP or GP63), to inactivate immune factors in the host environment. MSP is a metalloprotease encoded by a tandem array of genes belonging to three  msp  gene classes, whose mRNAs are differentially expressed in different life stages of the parasite. Like other cells,  Leishmania  spp. release small membrane-bound vesicles called exosomes into their environment. The purpose of this study was to detect MSP proteins in exosomal vesicles of  Leishmania  spp. protozoa.    Methods  Using mass spectrometry data we determined the profile of MSP class proteins released in  L. infantum  exosomes derived from promastigotes in their avirulent procyclic (logarithmic) stage and virulent stationary and metacyclic stages. MSP protein isoforms belonging to each of the three  msp  gene classes could be identified by unique peptides.    Results  Metacyclic promastigote exosomes contained the highest, and logarithmic exosomes had the lowest abundance of total MSP. Among the MSP classes, MSPC class had the greatest variety of isoforms, but was least abundant in all exosomes. Nonetheless, all MSP classes were present at higher levels in exosomes released from stationary or metacyclic promastigotes than logarithmic promastigotes.    Conclusions  The data suggest the efficiency of exosome release may be more important than the identity of MSP isoform in determining the MSP content of  Leishmania  spp. exosomes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2937-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Extracellular release of virulence factor major surface protease via exosomes in Leishmania infantum promastigotes