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Background  Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic neglected tropical disease prevalent in several areas where seasonal malaria transmission is active. We assessed the effect of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and the mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets (LLINs) for malaria control on sand fly population diversity and abundance, and its impact on the risk of  Leishmania  transmission in the district of Baroueli, endemic for CL in Mali.    Methods  Kemena and Sougoula, two villages in the district of Baroueli, were selected for entomology surveys from March to September 2016 to evaluate sand fly species composition and density, and  Leishmania  infection rates in the vector  Phlebotomus duboscqi . The surveys followed an annual indoor residual spraying and mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets (IRS/LLINs) that began in 2011 for malaria vector control. We also carried out a leishmanin skin test (LST) survey in the two villages to determine the incidence of  Leishmania  infection in humans living in the endemic area.    Results  A total of 2936 sand fly specimens, 1013 males and 1923 females, were collected and identified from the two villages throughout the study period. Fourteen species, 2 belonging to the genus  Phlebotomus  and 12 to the genus  Sergentomyia , were documented. The genus  Sergentomyia  constituted 91% of collected sand flies  versus  9% for the genus  Phlebotomus  ( P. duboscqi  and  P. rodhaini ). Of those,  P. duboscqi  was the most abundant, representing 99.6% of the collected  Phlebotomus  species. In both villages,  P. duboscqi  was most abundant during the end of dry season (June). The prevalence of  Leishmania  infection in individual females of  P. duboscqi  by PCR was 3.5%. After 5 years of the IRS/LLINs, the incidence of  Leishmania  infection in the human population as measured by LST was 4.2%.    Conclusions  Compared to historical data collected from 2005–2008, a considerable reduction was observed in both sand fly density and prevalence of human  Leishmania  infection in the villages of Kemena and Sougoula, Baroueli District, following IRS/LLINs. This suggests that IRS/LLINs used for mosquito control also impacts sand fly vectors reducing the incidence of leishmaniasis.    Trial registration   NCT00344084 . Registered: 23 June 2006    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2909-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Impact of insecticide-treated bednets and indoor residual spraying in controlling populations of Phlebotomus duboscqi, the vector of Leishmania major in Central Mali