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Background  Artificially-introduced transinfections of the intracellular bacterium  Wolbachia pipientis  have the potential to reduce the vectorial capacity of mosquito populations for viruses such as dengue and chikungunya.  Aedes albopictus  has two native strains of  Wolbachia , but their replacement with the non-native  w Mel strain blocks transmission of both viruses. The pattern of cytoplasmic incompatiiblity generated by  w Mel with wild-types is bidirectional. Novel-plus-native-strain co-infection is predicted to lead to a more efficient population spread capacity; from a bi-directional to a uni-directional cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) model.    Results  A novel-plus-native-strain triple-infection in  Ae. albopictus  ( w AlbA w AlbB w Mel) was generated. Although triple-infected females were fully reproductively viable with uninfected males, they displayed self-incompatibility. qPCR of specific strains in dissected tissues suggested that this may be due to the displacement of one of the native strains ( w AlbA) from the ovaries of triple-infected females. When the triple strain infection was transferred into  Aedes aegypti  it displayed an unexpectedly low level of transmission fidelity of the three strains in this species.    Conclusions  These results suggest that combining  Wolbachia  strains can lead to co-infection interactions that can affect outcomes of CI and maternal transmission.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2870-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Wolbachia triple-strain infection generates self-incompatibility in Aedes albopictus and transmission instability in Aedes aegypti