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Background  Population-based studies conducted in Latin America have shown a high proportion of asymptomatic and submicroscopic malarial infections. Considering efforts aiming at regional elimination, it is important to investigate the role of this asymptomatic reservoir in malaria transmission in peri-urban areas. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of  Plasmodium  spp. and gametocyte burden on symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in the Brazilian Amazon.    Results  Two cross-sectional household surveys (CS) were conducted including all inhabitants in a peri-urban area of Manaus, western Amazonas State, Brazil. Malaria parasites were detected by light microscopy (LM) and qPCR. Sexual stages of  Plasmodium  spp. were detected by LM and RT-qPCR. A total of 4083 participants were enrolled during the two surveys. In CS1, the prevalence of  Plasmodium vivax  infections was 4.3% (86/2010) by qPCR and 1.6% (32/2010) by LM. Fifty percent (43/86) of  P. vivax  infected individuals (qPCR) carried  P. vivax  gametocytes. In CS2, 3.4% (70/2073) of participants had qPCR-detectable  P. vivax  infections, of which 42.9% (30/70) of infections were gametocyte positive. The  P. vivax  parasite density was associated with gametocyte carriage ( P  < 0.001). Sixty-seven percent of  P. vivax  infected individuals and 53.4% of  P. vivax  gametocyte carriers were asymptomatic.    Conclusions  This study confirms a substantial proportion of asymptomatic and submicroscopic  P. vivax  infections in the study area. Most asymptomatic individuals carried gametocytes and presented low asexual parasitemia. This reservoir actively contributes to malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon, underscoring a need to implement more efficient control and elimination strategies.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2787-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

High proportions of asymptomatic and submicroscopic Plasmodium vivax infections in a peri-urban area of low transmission in the Brazilian Amazon