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Background  Typically, carnivores serve as definitive hosts for  Sarcocystis  spp. parasites; currently, their role as intermediate hosts is being elucidated. The present study aimed to identify and molecularly characterize  Sarcocystis  cysts detected in striated muscle of red foxes from different populations in Latvia, Lithuania and Spain.    Methods  Muscle samples from 411 red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) and 269 racoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ) from Latvia, 41 red foxes from Lithuania and 22 red foxes from Spain were examined for the presence of  Sarcocystis  sarcocysts by light microscopy (LM).  Sarcocystis  spp. were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular biology techniques.    Results   Sarcocystis  cysts were detected in 11/411 (2.7%) Latvian, 3/41 (7.3%) Lithuanian, and 6/22 (27.3%) Spanish red foxes, however, cysts were not observed in the muscles of racoon dogs. Based on LM, TEM,  18S  rDNA,  28S  rDNA, ITS1,  cox 1 and  rpoB  sequences,  Sarcocystis arctica  and  Sarcocystis lutrae  cysts were identified in red fox muscles from Latvia and Lithuania, whereas only  S. arctica  was detected in Spain. The  18S  rDNA,  28S  rDNA and ITS1 sequences from the 21 isolates of  S. arctica  from Latvia, Lithuania and Spain were identical. By contrast, two and four haplotypes were determined based on mtDNA  cox 1 and apicoplast  rpoB  sequences, respectively. Polymorphisms were not detected between the two isolates of  S. lutrae  from Latvia and Lithuania. Based on phylogenetic results,  S. arctica  and  S. lutrae  were most closely related to  Sarcocystis  spp. using predatory mammals as intermediate hosts and to  Sarcocystis  species with a bird-bird life-cycle.    Conclusions  Based on current knowledge, the red fox and Arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ) could act as intermediate host for the same two  Sarcocystis  species. Molecular results suggest the existence of two genetic lineages of  S. arctica , and such divergence relies on its geographical distribution but not on their intermediate host species.

Identification and genetic characterization of Sarcocystis arctica and Sarcocystis lutrae in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Baltic States and Spain