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Background  Schistosomiasis caused by  Schistosoma japonicum  is among the most serious endemic zoonoses in China. To study interactions between schistosomula, the pre-adult juvenile stage, and hosts, it is important to study the functions of key genes involved in schistosomula growth and development. Programmed cell death protein 10 ( pcdp 10) is an important apoptosis-related gene with various biological functions. This study described the molecular characterization of  S. japonicum  PCDP10 ( Sj PCDP10) and evaluated its functions in schistosomula.    Methods  Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot were used to detect  Sjpcdp 10 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, at different developmental stages. Immunolocalization was performed to determine  Sj PCDP10 expression in the parasite. RNA interference (RNAi) experiments were used to assess gene functions associated with  Sj PCDP10 in schistosomula growth and development.    Results  Real-time qPCR revealed that  Sjpcdp 10 was expressed during all investigated developmental stages and upregulated during schistosomula growth and development. Histochemical localization showed that  Sj PCDP10 was mainly distributed in the teguments of schistosomula in all investigated stages and part of the parenchymal area of 14-, 18-, and 21-day-old schistosomula. Following  Sjpcdp 10 knockdown by RNAi, the lengths, widths, areas, and volumes of schistosomula were significantly lower than those in the control group. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the body surfaces of schistosomula subjected to RNAi were seriously damaged, with few tegumental spines and sensory papillae. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the teguments of  Sjpcdp 10-knockdown schistosomula were incomplete, the number of layers was reduced, and the thickness decreased significantly as compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling results showed that the rate of apoptosis in  Sjpcdp 10-knockdown schistosomula was significantly higher than that in the control group.    Conclusions   Sjpcdp 10-knockdown influenced the growth and development of schistosomula. Therefore, our results indicated that  Sj PCDP10 contributes to the regulation of cell apoptosis and is essential for schistosomula growth and development.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2636-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Influence of Schistosoma japonicum programmed cell death protein 10 on the growth and development of schistosomula