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Background  As evidence of the infection of domestic animals by  Anaplasma phagocytophilum  and  Anaplasma  sp. ‘Omatjenne’ is presently becoming available, understanding the epidemiological and ecological significance of infection is important to quantify the clinical and socio-economic impact of the diseases they cause.    Methods  The first aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of  A. phagocytophilum  and  Anaplasma  sp. ‘Omatjenne’ in cattle samples collected from selected African countries using a polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism. Secondly, this study was aimed at the molecular identification of  Ehrlichia  spp. and  Anaplasma  spp. infection in ruminants raised under different production systems in selected sites in central Ethiopia.    Results  In total, 695 samples from cattle in six African countries were analysed. Overall, 45 positive results were obtained for  Anaplasma  sp. ‘Omatjenne’ (6.47%) and 19 for  A. phagocytophilum  (2.73%).  Anaplasma  sp. ‘Omatjenne’ was detected in all countries except Tanzania while  A. phagocytophilum  was detected only in samples from Ethiopia. The proportion of samples tested positive for  Anaplasma  sp. ‘Omatjenne’ ranged from 1.2% in Morocco to 16% in Rwanda. The occurrence of both agents is now confirmed in African cattle. For the survey in Ethiopia a semi-nested  16S  rDNA polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for the identification of  Ehrlichia  spp. and  Anaplasma  spp. in blood samples. Randomly selected samples were also analysed by  pCS20  polymerase chain reaction for the detection of  E. ruminantium . Positive results were obtained for  E. ruminantium  and five species of  Anaplasma  including a zoonotic species .  To our knowledge, this is the first report of infection of domestic ruminants with  A. phagocytophilum ,  A. ovis  and  Anaplasma  sp. ‘Omatjenne’ in Ethiopia.    Conclusion  The present study showed widespread occurrence of  Anaplasma  sp. 'Omatijenne' in African cattle and five  Anaplasma  species in Ethiopia.

Survey of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma sp. ‘Omatjenne’ infection in cattle in Africa with special reference to Ethiopia