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Background  The glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) of the malaria parasite  Plasmodium falciparum  is a key surface antigen that serves as a component of a clinical vaccine. Moreover, the  GLURP  gene is also employed routinely as a genetic marker for malarial genotyping in epidemiological studies. While extensive size polymorphisms in  GLURP  are well recorded, the extent of the sequence diversity of this gene is rarely investigated. The present study aimed to explore the genetic diversity of  GLURP  in natural populations of  P. falciparum .    Results  The polymorphic C-terminal repetitive R2 region of  GLURP  sequences from 65  P. falciparum  isolates in Thailand were generated and combined with the data from 103 worldwide isolates to generate a GLURP database. The collection was comprised of 168 alleles, encoding 105 unique GLURP subtypes, characterized by 18 types of amino acid repeat units (AAU). Of these, 28 GLURP subtypes, formed by 10 AAU types, were detected in  P. falciparum  in Thailand. Among them, 19 GLURP subtypes and 2 AAU types are described for the first time in the Thai parasite population. The AAU sequences were highly conserved, which is likely due to negative selection. Standard  Fst  analysis revealed the shared distributions of GLURP types among the  P. falciparum  populations, providing evidence of gene flow among the different demographic populations.    Conclusions  Sequence diversity causing size variations in  GLURP  in Thai  P. falciparum  populations were detected, and caused by non-synonymous substitutions in repeat units and some insertion/deletion of aspartic acid or glutamic acid codons between repeat units. The  P. falciparum  population structure based on GLURP showed promising implications for the development of GLURP-based vaccines and for monitoring vaccine efficacy.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2630-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Size and sequence polymorphisms in the glutamate-rich protein gene of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in Thailand