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Background  Host specificity in parasites represents the extent to which a parasite’s distribution is limited to certain host species. Considering host-specific parasites of primarily freshwater fish (such as gill monogeneans), their biogeographical distribution is essentially influenced by both evolutionary and ecological processes. Due to the limited capacity for historical dispersion in freshwater fish, their specific coevolving parasites may, through historical host-parasite associations, at least partially reveal the historical biogeographical routes (or historical contacts) of host species. We used  Dactylogyrus  spp., parasites specific to cyprinid fish, to infer potential historical contacts between Northwest African and European and Asian cyprinid faunas. Using phylogenetic reconstruction, we investigated the origin(s) of host-specific  Dactylogyrus  spp. parasitizing Northwest African and Iberian cyprinid species.    Results  In accordance with hypotheses on the historical biogeography of two cyprinid lineages in Northwest Africa, Barbini ( Luciobarbus ) and Torini ( Carasobarbus ), we demonstrated the multiple origins of Northwest African  Dactylogyrus .  Dactylogyrus  spp. of  Carasobarbus  spp. originated from Asian cyprinids, while  Dactylogyrus  spp. of  Luciobarbus  spp. originated from European cyprinids. This indicates the historical Northern route of  Dactylogyrus  spp. dispersion to Northwest African  Luciobarbus  species rather than the Southern route, which is currently widely accepted for  Luciobarbus . In addition, both Northwest African cyprinid lineages were also colonized by  Dactylogyrus marocanus  closely related to  Dactylogyrus  spp. parasitizing African  Labeo  spp., which suggests a single host switch from African Labeonini to Northwest African  Luciobarbus . We also demonstrated the multiple origins of  Dactylogyrus  spp. parasitizing Iberian  Luciobarbus  species. One Iberian  Dactylogyrus  group was phylogenetically closely related to  Dactylogyrus  of Moroccan  Carasobarbus , while the second was related to  Dactylogyrus  of Moroccan  Luciobarbus .    Conclusions  Our study confirms the different origins of two Northwest African cyprinid lineages. It suggests several independent historical contacts between European Iberian  Luciobarbus  and two lineages of Northwest African cyprinids, these contacts associated with host switches of  Dactylogyrus  parasites.

Host-specific Dactylogyrus parasites revealing new insights on the historical biogeography of Northwest African and Iberian cyprinid fish