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Background    Blastocystis  is a cosmopolitan protist parasite found in the human gastrointestinal tract and is highly prevalent in developing countries. Recent molecular studies have revealed extensive genetic diversity, which has been classified into different subtypes (STs) based on sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.  Blastocystis  is one of the most common fecal parasites in Brazil, but the diversity of subtypes remains unknown in the country. This study aimed to determine the distribution of  Blastocystis  STs in an urban community in Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.    Methods  A total of 64 stool samples positive for  Blastocystis  in Pavlova’s medium were subtyped by PCR and sequenced using primers targeting the small subunit rRNA gene, in addition to phylogenetic analysis and subtype-specific PCR using sequence-tagged-site (STS) primers.    Results    Endolimax nana  (14%),  Entamoeba  complex (10.5%),  Taenia  sp. (0.6%),  Trichuris trichiura  (1.3%) and  Enterobius vermicularis  (1.3%) were detected in  Blastocystis- positive samples. Of the 64 samples tested by PCR/DNA sequencing, 55 were identified as ST1 (42%), ST3 (49%), ST2 (7%) and ST4 (2%), and the presence of mixed ST (ST1 + ST3) infection was detected in nine samples (14%).    Conclusions  DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian  Blastocystis  isolates identified four different subtypes. To our knowledge, this study provided the first genetic characterization of  Blastocystis  subtypes in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We also identified ST4 for the first time in Brazil. Further studies are necessary to determine the distribution of STs across human populations in Rio de Janeiro.

Distribution of Blastocystis subtypes isolated from humans from an urban community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil