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Background  Leishmaniasis in Serbia was an endemic disease, and is considered to be eradicated for more than 40 years. In the past decade sporadic cases of canine leishmaniasis started to emerge for the first time in Vojvodina Province (previously non-endemic region of Serbia). Reports of introduced, and later on autochthonous cases of leishmaniasis alerted the possibility of disease emergence. The aim of this study was to bridge more than a half a century wide gap in entomological surveillance of sand fly vectors in Vojvodina, as well as to verify the presence of the vector species that could support  Leishmania  spp. circulation.    Results  During the period 2013–2015, a total of 136 sand flies were collected from 48 of 80 surveyed locations. Four sand fly species of the genus  Phlebotomus  were detected:  P. papatasi ,  P. perfiliewi ,  P. mascittii  and  P. neglectus.  Detection of  P. mascittii  represents the first record of this species for the sand fly fauna in Vojvodina and in Serbia. All female specimens ( n  = 80) were tested for  Leishmania  spp. DNA, and three blood-fed  P. papatasi  specimens were positive (4%). One positive DNA sample was successfully amplified by ITS1 nPCR. The RFLP analysis of the resulting 350 bp fragment showed a typical pattern of  L. infantum , and the ITS1 partial sequence blasted in GenBank confirmed 100% identity with  L. infantum  and  L. donovani  complex sequences. This result represents the first record of both  Leishmania  spp. and  L. infantum  DNA from sand flies in Vojvodina, and in Serbia.    Conclusions  Presence of autochthonous canine leishmaniasis cases, records of  Phlebotomus  ( Larroussius ) species proven vectors of  L. infantum  ( P. perfiliewi  and  P. neglectus ) and detection of  L. infantum  DNA from wild caught (non-competent) vectors, prove that  L. infantum  is present in Vojvodina and indicates a probable circulation in the region.

parasites and vectors

Sand fly and Leishmania spp. survey in Vojvodina (Serbia): first detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in sand flies and the first record of Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908