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Background    Aedes aegypti  is a potential vector of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. Alternative control measurements of the vector are needed to overcome the problems of environmental contamination and chemical resistance.  Xenorhabdus  and  Photorhabdus  are symbionts in the intestine of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)  Steinernema  spp. and  Heterorhabditis  spp. These bacteria are able to produce a broad range of bioactive compounds including antimicrobial, antiparasitic, cytotoxic and insecticidal compounds. The objectives of this study were to identify  Xenorhabdus  and  Photorhabdus  isolated from EPNs in upper northern Thailand and to study their larvicidal activity against  Ae. aegypti  larvae.    Results  A total of 60 isolates of symbiotic bacteria isolated from EPNs consisted of  Xenorhabdus  (32 isolates) and  Photorhabdus  (28 isolates). Based on  recA  gene sequencing, BLASTN and phylogenetic analysis, 27 isolates of  Xenorhabdus  were identical and closely related to  X. stockiae , 4 isolates were identical to  X. miraniensis , and one isolate was identical to  X. ehlersii . Twenty-seven isolates of  Photorhabdus  were closely related to  P. luminescens akhurstii  and  P. luminescens hainanensis,  and only one isolate was identical and closely related to  P. luminescens laumondii .  Xenorhabdus  and  Photorhabdus  were lethal to  Ae aegypti  larvae.  Xenorhabdus ehlersii  bMH9.2_TH showed 100% efficiency for killing larvae of both fed and unfed conditions, the highest for control of  Ae. aegypti  larvae and  X. stockiae  (bLPA18.4_TH) was likely to be effective in killing  Ae. aegypti  larvae given the mortality rates above 60% at 72 h and 96 h.    Conclusions  The common species in the study area are  X. stockiae ,  P. luminescens akhurstii,  and  P. luminescens hainanensis . Three symbiotic associations identified included  P. luminescens akhurstii-H. gerrardi ,  P. luminescens hainanensis-H. gerrardi  and  X. ehlersii-S. Scarabaei  which are new observations of importance to our knowledge of the biodiversity of, and relationships between, EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria. Based on the biological assay,  X. ehlersii  bMH9.2_TH begins to kill  Ae. aegypti  larvae within 48 h and has the most potential as a pathogen to the larvae. These data indicate that  X. ehlersii  may be an alternative biological control agent for  Ae. aegypti  and other mosquitoes.

parasites and vectors

Isolation and identification of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes and their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti