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Background    Leishmania donovani , the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is most probably vectored by  Phlebotomus orientalis  in north-western Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the nocturnal activity patterns of  Ph. orientalis  in VL endemic foci of Libo-Kemkem (highland) and Metema (lowland) districts of north-western Ethiopia.    Methods  Sampling of sand flies was conducted bimonthly from January-May 2012 in the highland and from March-June 2013 in the lowland. Sand flies were sampled using two CDC light traps placed in compounds occupied by both cattle and humans. Sampling of sand flies started at 18:00 h and ended at 06:00 h. Every hour, a cage was replaced by another cage.    Results  In total, 9479 nocturnally active sand flies were collected from both study areas. Six  Phlebotomus  species ( Ph. orientalis ,  Ph. duboscqi ,  Ph. papatasi ,  Ph. bergeroti ,  Ph. rodhaini  and  Ph. martini ) and several  Sergentomyia  spp. were identified. In both areas, of the six  Phlebotomus  spp.,  Ph. orientalis  was the preponderate. In the highland, the hourly activity pattern of  Ph. orientalis  females was higher before midnight with a peak in density between 22:00–23:00 h, whereas in the lowland after midnight between 03:00–04:00 h.    Conclusions  The present study showed that  Ph. orientalis  females exhibited different nocturnal activity patterns with a peak in the early part of the night in the highland and in the latter part of the night in the lowland areas. As the risk of acquiring  L. donovani  infections vary in the two areas, appropriate control strategies should be developed according to the activity of  Ph. orientalis  in the respective areas.

parasites and vectors

Comparative study on the nocturnal activity of phlebotomine sand flies in a highland and lowland foci of visceral leishmaniasis in north-western Ethiopia with special reference to Phlebotomus orientalis