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Background    Plasmodium falciparum  genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection (MOI) are parasite features that have been suggested to influence the acquisition of protective immunity against malaria. This study sought to assess the relationship between MOI and parasite density (PD) in malaria patients living in the Central Region of Ghana and to determine whether naturally occurring antibody levels against  P. falciparum  GLURP (PF3D7_1035300) and MSP3 (PF3D7_1035400) antigens are associated with decreased parasite load.    Methods  Dried filter paper blood blots were obtained from children and adults diagnosed with uncomplicated  P. falciparum  malaria. Microscopy was used to estimate  P. falciparum  parasite density and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the polymorphic regions of  msp1  (PF3D7_0930300) and  msp2  (PF3D7_0206800) was used for parasite genotyping and MOI determination .  ELISA was used to measure the serum IgG concentration of R0 fragment of GLURP (GLURP(R0)) and MSP3 antibodies.    Results  All 115 samples were positive for  P. falciparum  by PCR using either the  msp1  or  msp2  genotyping primer sets. The most prevalent  msp1  and  msp2  alleles were KI and 3D7, respectively. The geometric mean (GM) for MOI determined by both  msp1  and  msp2  genotyping was 1.3 for the entire population and was generally higher in children than in adults. Seropositivity was estimated at 67 and 63% for GLURP(R0) and MSP3 antibodies, respectively, and antibody titers were negatively correlated with parasite density.    Conclusions  The negative correlation between naturally occurring GLURP(R0) and MSP3 antibody levels and parasite density observed in this study suggest that augmenting the antibody response with the GMZ2 vaccine could enhance protection in the Central Region of Ghana.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2338-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

parasites and vectors

Natural antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum MSP3 and GLURP(R0) antigens are associated with low parasite densities in malaria patients living in the Central Region of Ghana