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Background  The cat flea,  Ctenocephalides felis felis  ( C. felis ), is a cosmopolitan hematophagous ectoparasite, and is considered to be the most prevalent flea species in both Europe and the USA. Clinical signs frequently associated with flea bites include pruritus, dermatitis and in severe cases even pyodermatitis and alopecia.  Ctenocephalides felis  is also a vector for several pathogens and is an intermediate host for the cestode  Dipylidium caninum.  Treatment of cats with a fast-acting pulicide, that is persistently effective in protecting the animal against re-infestation, is therefore imperative to their health. In addition, a rapid onset of activity (“speed of kill”) may also reduce the risks of disease transmission and flea allergic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro insecticidal activity and potential synergism between dinotefuran and fipronil against  C. felis . A further aim was to evaluate the onset of activity and residual speed of kill of the combination in vivo on cats artificially infested with  C. felis.Methods  In the first study, the insecticidal activity of dinotefuran and fipronil separately and dinotefuran/fipronil (DF) in combination, at a fixed ratio (2:1), was evaluated using an in vitro coated-vial bioassay. In the second study, the onset of activity against existing flea infestations and residual speed of kill of DF against artificial flea infestations on cats was assessed in vivo. Onset of activity against existing flea infestations was assessed in terms of knock-down effect within 2 h post-treatment and onset of speed of kill assessed at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h post-treatment. Residual speed of kill was evaluated 6 h and 48 h after infestation, over a period of six weeks post-treatment.    Results  In vitro results revealed that the DF combination was synergistic and more potent against fleas than either compound alone. The combination also proved effective when tested in vivo .  Efficacy was > 97% [geometric mean (GM) and arithmetic mean (AM)] at 3 h after treatment, and ≥ 99.8% (GM and AM) at 6 h and 12 h post-treatment. At 6 h after flea re-infestations, the efficacy of DF remained ≥ 90.8% (GM and AM) for up to 28 days, and at 42 days post-treatment persistent efficacy was still ≥ 54.3% (GM and AM). At 48 h after flea re-infestations, DF remained almost fully effective for up to 28 days, with efficacies ≥ 99.4% (GM and AM) and was persistently ≥ 93.0% (GM and AM) effective for up to 42 days post-treatment.    Conclusions  The combination of dinotefuran and fipronil in a single formulation exhibited strong synergistic insecticidal activity against  C. felis  in vitro, and also proved effective on artificially infested cats. This activity had a rapid onset that persisted for 6 weeks against re-infestations of  C. felis  on cats. The rapid curative insecticidal effect was observed as early as 3 h after treatment, and as early as 6 h after re-infestations for up to 6 weeks post-treatment. The insecticidal activity profile of DF makes it an optimal candidate for the protection of cats against flea infestations, and possibly also associated diseases.

parasites and vectors

Synergy between dinotefuran and fipronil against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis): improved onset of action and residual speed of kill in adult cats