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Background  The  Culex pipiens  complex (Diptera: Culicidae) includes the most widespread mosquito species in the world. Members of this complex are the primary enzootic and epidemic vectors of the West Nile virus (genus  Flavivirus ) in several countries. The two recognized forms of  Cx .  pipiens  (Linnaeus, 1758) -  pipiens  and  molestus   -  exhibit behavioral and physiological differences. Natural populations of  Cx .  pipiens  were investigated in several sites in Tunisia to evaluate the ecophysiological and molecular characteristics of their forms.    Results  The analysis showed the sympatric presence of  Cx .  pipiens  forms and hybrids in all studied sites. Of all the tested larvae of  Cx .  pipiens , 33.5% were identified as  pipiens , 30.8% were identified as  molestus , and 35.6% were identified as hybrids. The  molestus  and hybrid forms were positively correlated with urban habitats and belowground sites while the  pipiens  form was positively correlated with rural habitats and aboveground sites. Autogeny was expressed in all types of habitats and breeding sites. By contrast with the microsatellite CQ11, the two molecular markers,  ace-2  and  cytb , did not allow differentiation between the  Cx .  pipiens  forms.    Conclusions  Our study shows the ubiquitous distribution and the plasticity of the different forms of  Cx .  pipiens  in a wide range of ecological conditions. It suggests that the behavioral traits assigned to the forms of  Cx .  pipiens  seem to be more flexible than previously assumed. Our analysis also proves that the microsatellite CQ11 remains an efficient tool for distinguishing between  Cx .  pipiens  forms.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2265-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Ecophysiological characterization and molecular differentiation of Culex pipiens forms (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tunisia