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Background    Wolbachia pipientis  is a common endosymbiotic bacterium of arthropods that strongly inhibits dengue virus (DENV) infection and transmission in the primary vector, the mosquito  Aedes aegypti . For that reason,  Wolbachia -infected  Ae. aegypti  are currently being released into the field as part of a novel strategy to reduce DENV transmission. However, there is evidence that DENV can be transmitted vertically from mother to progeny, and this may help the virus persist in nature in the absence of regular human transmission. The effect of  Wolbachia  infection on this process had not previously been examined.    Results  We challenged  Ae. aegypti  with different Brazilian DENV isolates either by oral feeding or intrathoracic injection to ensure disseminated infection. We examined the effect of  Wolbachia  infection on the prevalence of DENV infection, and viral load in the ovaries. For orally infected mosquitoes,  Wolbachia  decreased the prevalence of infection by 71.29%, but there was no such effect when the virus was injected. Interestingly, regardless of the method of infection,  Wolbachia  infection strongly reduced DENV load in the ovaries. We then looked at the effect of  Wolbachia  on vertical transmission, where we observed only very low rates of vertical transmission. There was a trend towards lower rates in the presence of  Wolbachia , with overall maximum likelihood estimate of infection rates of 5.04 per 1000 larvae for mosquitoes without  Wolbachia , and 1.93 per 1000 larvae for  Wolbachia -infected mosquitoes, after DENV injection. However, this effect was not statistically significant.    Conclusions  Our data support the idea that vertical transmission of DENV is rare in nature, even in the absence of  Wolbachia . Indeed, we observed that vertical transmission rates were low even when the midgut barrier was bypassed, which might help to explain why we only observed a trend towards lower vertical transmission rates in the presence of  Wolbachia.  Nevertheless, the low prevalence of disseminated DENV infection and lower DENV load in the ovaries supports the hypothesis that the presence of  Wolbachia  in  Ae. aegypti  would have an effect on the vertical transmission of DENV in the field.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2236-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The impact of Wolbachia infection on the rate of vertical transmission of dengue virus in Brazilian Aedes aegypti