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Background  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important public health challenge in Brazil because of the high number of human and canine cases reported annually.  Leishmania infantum  is the etiological agent of VL and  Lutzomyia longipalpis  is its main vector. However, evidence suggests that this taxon constitutes a species complex. In Sao Paulo state, there are two populations of  Lu. longipalpis , each secreting distinct pheromones, (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B and Cembrene 1; both have been associated with different patterns of VL transmission. The aim of the present study was to investigate the temporal distribution and natural infection of the (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B population of the  Lu. longipalpis  complex in a highly VL endemic area of Sao Paulo state to obtain information that may contribute to the surveillance of this zoonosis and to the planning of preventive and control measures.    Methods  The study was carried out in Panorama municipality, Sao Paulo State. Captures were made during 24 months in seven domiciles. The relation between sand fly abundance and climatic variables, temperature and humidity, was analyzed and natural infection by  Leishmania  spp. in sand fly females was investigated by nested PCR.    Results  A total of 4120 sand flies, with predominance of  Lu. longipalpis  (97.2%) were captured. The highest averages of sand flies/night/trap occurred in the rainy season (November-March) and a positive, significant correlation between sand fly abundance and the temperature and humidity 20 days before the capture days was found.  Leishmania infantum  DNA was detected in three out of 250 pools of females analyzed, giving an estimated minimum infection rate of 1.2%.    Conclusion  The identification of the climatic association between the high abundance of the vector in this highly endemic VL focus constitutes a fundamental point for evaluating future vector and dog control measures and this information increases the data of VL foci in Sao Paulo state that could contribute to the public health authorities in planning prevention and control measures. The identification of natural infection by  Le. infantum  in  Lu. longipalpis  specimens reinforces the importance of entomological surveillance activities in this municipality.

parasites and vectors

Ecological parameters of the (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B population of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex in a visceral leishmaniasis area in São Paulo state, Brazil