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Background  In Brazil, studies on animals and humans in mainland areas have shown that most strains of  Toxoplasma gondii  are pathogenic to mice and exhibit great genetic variability.    Results  In this study, using a set of 11 PCR-RFLP and 15 microsatellite markers, we isolated and genetically characterised  T. gondii  strains from one cat and three rats on Fernando de Noronha Island. The cat had antibodies to  T. gondii , which were revealed using a modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25) and the seroprevalence among the 46 rodents was 15.2%. Viable  T. gondii  was isolated from one cat (TgCatBrFN1), two brown rats (TgRatnoBrFN1 and TgRatnoBrFN2) and one black rat (TgRatraBrFN1). Unlike the strains from mainland Brazil, these isolates were not pathogenic to outbred mice. The genotypes of these strains were compared with strains previously isolated on the island and in mainland Brazil. The analysis based on microsatellite data showed a limited genetic diversity of  T. gondii  on Fernando de Noronha Island with the majority of strains clustered into the following three groups: type II, III, and Caribbean 1.    Conclusions  There was little variation among strains within the same group, suggesting that the majority of strains circulating on Fernando de Noronha are derived from only a few strains that were recently introduced to the island, likely from imported cats. Except for the strain belonging to the Caribbean 1 group that originates from northeast Brazil, there was little evidence that strains from the other groups were introduced to Fernando de Noronha  via  mainland Brazil.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2150-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cat-rodent Toxoplasma gondii Type II-variant circulation and limited genetic diversity on the Island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil