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Background  Canine leishmaniasis caused by  Leishmania infantum  is a parasitic disease of great veterinary significance. Some dogs infected by  L. infantum  may mount a strong cellular immune response and clear the infection, while others may respond with exaggerated antibody production against the parasite and develop an overt disease, which may be fatal, if left untreated. The initial factors triggering the polarization of the immune response towards a predominantly T-helper 1 or T-helper 2 cytokines, as well as the markers of resistance and susceptibility to  L. infantum  infection and disease development in dogs, are not fully understood. Herein, we assessed the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the canine β-defensin-1 ( CBD1 ) gene and the infection by  L. infantum  in two dog populations from Brazil (Sobral in Ceará State and São Raimundo Nonato in Piauí State) and one dog population from Italy.    Results  A total of 387 dogs were assessed for  L. infantum  by real time PCR and 34.6% of them were positive. In  CBD1  gene sequences from these positive dogs, nine polymorphic sites were detected, but only SNPs 3, 4, 7 and 8 were associated with  L. infantum , in dogs from southern Italy. No association was found with dogs from Brazil .Conclusion  This study sets the basis for further studies on the usefulness of  CBD1  as a marker of  L. infantum  infection susceptibility in dogs.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2130-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Canine β-defensin-1 (CBD1) gene as a possible marker for Leishmania infantum infection in dogs